It is also linked with the ‘habit’ that effectively impacts travel choice and its changes as well as travel behavior prediction. Further, according to the literature, one of the influential factors in travel behavior is the individual identity which has great potential to explain behavior and its changes. Specifically, it can be considered in the form of some measures, such as travel frequencies, travel time, travel distance, travel mode, travel reason, and so on. As Yao and Wang have defined it, travel behavior refers to “the daily life trip making behavior in terms of when, where, by what means, how long or how far trips are made” (p. It not only represents social demands and desires but also highlights the level of urban transportation development and sustainability. Travel behavior can have a remarkable and determinative role in understanding urban transportation patterns, trends, and outputs. Such insights would be effective for city policymakers and planners to enhance the quality of urban transportation. The study highlights the role of sociodemographic characteristics in travel behavior transformations and gives more insights into the travel behavior preferences of urban residents. Finally, we found that sociodemographic characteristics have a relatively strong and significant impact on TBCs. Secondly, we identified four major challenges affecting urban travel behavior in Tehran: lacking diverse options for urban traveling, old vehicles and infrastructure, traffic congestion, and unequal access to travel facilities in the city. The results indicate that firstly, the tendency to travel by private transport has the highest share among all groups compared with other modes of travel. Using SPSS-26, MAXQDA, and Structural Equation Model (SEM) via AMOS software, we analyzed priorities and preferences related to TBCs across different social groups and explored the impact of preferences of different social groups on TBCs in the Tehran metropolitan area. To this end, using the perspectives of 822 participants via a questionnaire survey, we assessed six major Travel Behavior Components (TBCs)-namely, travel mode, travel time, travel destination, travel frequency, travel choice, and travel purpose-from the lens of five different sociodemographic characteristics-that is, gender, age, family structure, and educational and occupational groups. This research is an attempt to explore the nature and characteristics of urban travel behavior in the metropolitan area of the Iranian capital, Tehran.
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